pioon laser

  Frenum is an anatomic structure formed by a fold of mucous membrane and connective tissue fibers that attach the lip and cheeks to the alveolar mucosa, the gingiva and the underlying periosteum. Placek et al. have classified frenum depending on the extension of attachment of fibers, (1) Mucosal: when the frenal fibers are attached up to mucogingival junction, (2) Gingival: when fibers are inserted within attached gingiva, (3) Papillary: when fibers are extending into interdental papilla, and (4) Papilla penetrating: when the frenal fibers cross the alveolar process and extend up to palatine papilla. Frenum with mucosal attachment is the usual and is considered to be the correct level of attachment but if the frenum that encroaches on the margin of the gingiva (Class 2 and above) may interfere with plaque removal, and the tension on the frenum may tend to open the sulcus eventually leading to gingival recession, midline diastema, root dentine hypersensitivity and unaesthetic looks...

  It is well known that the popularity of  oral implants  is increasing every year as people's living standards improve. The number of patients with peri-implantitis has increased rapidly in recent years due to the treatment conditions and the lack of awareness of patient protection at a later stage. If peri-implantitis is not treated promptly and effectively, it can lead to the loss of the implant. Peri-implant  infections have a similar etiology to periodontal infections, so is the treatment similar? Conventional treatment options for peri-implantitis without flap reversal have a poor chance of success. When we treat peri-implantitis after flap treatment, the outcome is much better. Although the flap allows better access to the implant, the sterilisation of the implant surface is much more complex than with normal subgingival scraping. The complex structure of the implant surface, although a good facilitator of bonding during implantation, is a headache trap for pe...

Introduction -An impacted tooth simply means that it is “stuck” and cannot erupt into function. The most commonly impacted or un-erupted tooth is the  permanent maxillary  canine. Primarily the impaction is due to arch length deficiency. Since the canine is usually the last tooth to erupt anterior to the first molar in the maxillary arch, shortage of space may result in ectopic eruption or impaction of this tooth. There has been numerous hypotheses developed regarding the etiology of canine impaction, the issue remains controversial. Impacted canine can cause complications without such as internal or external resorption, loss in arch length, infection associated with partial eruption, and resorption of the roots of lateral incisors.   Treatment modality-  Various treatment modalities have been proposed to avoid the complications associated with impacted canines such as use of scalpel, caustic agents, electrocautery and diode laser. However,  Diode laser the...

Introduction-  The outcome of root canal treatment is based on efficient disinfection of the root canal system and prevention of reinfection. Pulpectomy is defined as a root canal procedure for pulp tissue that is irreversibly infected or necrotic due to caries or trauma in primary teeth. The root canals are debrided and shaped with hand or rotary files. However the instrumentation and irrigation with an inert solution alone cannot adequately reduce the microbial population in a root canal system, disinfection with irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite and/or chlorhexidine is an important step in assuring optimal bacterial decontamination of the canals. But these have disadvantages for example as it is a potent tissue irritant, sodium hypochlorite must not be extruded beyond the apex. We can use LASER to disinfect the canals. Also in primary teeth due to complex pulpal anatomy and curved canals it is difficult to completely remove the pulp and hence the bacterial load. Current chem...